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NEW  SYSTEM 

OF 

VOL.  IV. 


COPY-RIGHT  SECURED, 


CONTENTS. 


Analysis        -.-.■- 3 

Tablet. 8 

Table  II.        .- 9 

Table  III. 10 

Table  IV. - 11 

Table  V. 12 

Plates  1.  2.  &  3.  Temples;  see  volume  I.  from        -        -  137  to  159 

Plates  4.  5.  6.  &  7-  Oracles ;  see  volume  1.  from        -        -  207  to  250 

Plate  8.  Altars ;  see  volume  I.  132.  Tripod;  180.  Sacred  chickens;        259 
Plate  10.  Two  Druids,  priests  of  the  Gauls;  volume  I.  181,  and  volume 
II.  224.  Priestesses  of  Vesta,  volume  I.  193.  A  Sibyl,  -  196 

Plates  11.  12.  13.  51.  &  52.  Bloody  saci'ifices,  libations,  and  simple  offer- 
ings, volume  I.  159,  to        ------        -  177 

Plates  14.  15.  16,  17.  18.  &  19.  Egyptian  Deities;  vol.  II.         -        25  to  91 

(Plate  15.  the  principal  figures  of  the  Isiac  Table) 
Plate  20.  Phenician  Deities,  Astarte  and  Adonis;  vol.  II.  -  110 

Persian  Deities,  Mithras,  &c. 178 

Plate  21.  Jupiter,  vol.  III. -        -  11 

Plate  22,  Juno  and  Iris;  vol.  III.  58  and  141.  Apollo  87.  Mercury  129 
Plate  23.  Vulcan;  vol  .  III.  163.  Venus  169.  Minerva  143.  Mars  -  154 
Plate  24.  Aurora,  &c.  vol.  III.  122.  Mars  and  Bellona,  154.  Jupiter 

Pluvius, 49 

Plate  25.  Jupiter  and  Juno,  with  their  attendants;  reference  as  above, 

(Hebe,  vol  III.  l42)  Venus,  Cupid,  and  the  Graces,    169  to  198 
Plate  26,  Venus,  Cupid,  Psyche,  Hymen  3eus,  and  the  Graces,  ibid. 

Plate  27.  Hermes  or  Mercury,  Minerva  and  Iris;  reference  as  above, 

Zephyi-s,  vol.  HI.        ------        -  371 

Plate  28.  The  Colossus  of  Rhodes,  vol.  I.  .        -        -        .  130 

Plate  29.  Diana  of  Ephesus,  vol.  III. 120 

Plate  30.  The  Nine  Muses,  vol.  Ill 123 

Plate  31.  Cybele,  vol.  III. -        .        -       298 

Plate  32.  Cybele,  vol.  IH.  298.   Vesta,  (the  younger)  305.  Saturn,     66 
Janus, 71 


Iv  CONTENTS. 

Plate  33.  Ceres,  vol.  III.  250  Diana,  119.  Bacchus,  198.  Pan,  -      322 

Plate  34.  Silenus,  vol.  III.  324.  Bacchus,  Satyrs,  &c.  -  -  -  317 
Plate  35.  Priapus,  vol.  III.  315.  Flora,  309.  Vertumnus,  314.  Pomona,  312 
Plate  36.  Oceanus,  vol.  lU.  353.  Neptune,  and  Amphitrite,  356.  Triton, 

Nereus,  and  Nereids, 379 

Plate  37.  Ti-iton,  Nereids,  and  a  sea  horse,  vol.  III.  379.  iEolus,  368 

Plate  38.  Nox,  vol.  III.        .-..--.-  285 

Plate  39.  Nox,  Mors,  Somnus,  Dli  Manes,  vol.  III.  285.  Nemesis,         276 
Plate  40.  Pluto  and  Proserpine,  vol.  III.  249.  The  Harpies,  the  Furies,  &c. 
268.  The  Parcje  or  Fates,  277.  The  door  of  Hell,  220.  Charon, 
and  the  Shades  conducted  by  Mercury,        -         -         -  236 

Plate  41.  The  infernal  regions,  Pluto,  Proserpine,  the  three    judges  of 
hell,  Cerberus,    Charon  and  the  Sliades,  the  Furies,  the  notori- 
ous offenders  suffering  their  torments,  &c.  vol.  III.        -         215 
Plate  42.  Pluto  and  Cerberus,  reference  as  above. 

Plate  43.  Diana,  Hecate,  or  Proserpine  Triformis,  vol.  III.  -  120 

Plate  44.  Hercules,  vol.  III.  393.  An  Amazon,  404.  Atlas,  -  -  76 
Plate  45.  Castor  and  Pollux,  vol.  III.  450.  iEsculapius,  Telesphorus,  and 

Hygeia, 456 

Plate  46.  Victory,  vol.  Ill  162.  Justice,  Appendix,  7.  Fortune,  16.  Fame,  13 
Plate  47.  The  seasons  of  the  year,  vol.  HI.  Appendix,        -        r  19 

Plate  48.  The  god  of  the  Tiber,  vol.  HI.  352.  The  goddess  Roma,  Ap.  19 
Plate  49.  Pandora  endowed  with  the  choice  gifts  of  the  gods,  vol.  III.  80 
Plate  50.  Niobe  and  her  children  shot  to  death  by  Apollo  and  Diana 

vol.  Ill 109 

Plates  51.  &  52.  referred  to  in  connection  with  Plate       -       .       -.      11. 


A 

NEW  SYSTEM 

OF 

ANALYSIS. 

WHEN  treating  of  the  classification  of  the  pagan  deities  in 
the  introduction  to  the  second  volume,  page  16,  we  promised  to 
accompany  this  volume  with  a  series  of  Analytical  Tables,  illus- 
trative of  the  various  systems  into  which  the  mythologists  have 
thought  proper,  for  the  sake  of  method  to  arrange  those  deities; 
but  after  the  maturest  deliberation,  we  find  that  the  minuteness 
of  detail  which  we  had  contemplated,  in  exhibiting  a  tabular 
view  of  so  many  systems,  of  which  the  greater  part  have  been 
adopted  only  by  the  caprice  of  those  who  projected  them,  would 
not  only  be  foreign  from  the  object  of  utility  by  which  the  plan 
was  originally  dictated,  but  even  nugatory  in  effect,  and  conse- 
quently a  task  of  supererogation,  a  mere  brutum  fuimen. 

We  have  therefore  determined  to  confine  ourselves  to  the 
narrower  limits  of  utility,  in  the  construction  of  the  following- 
tables,  in  which  we  have  endeavored  to  give  a  perspicuous  view 
of  two  of  those  systems,  which  are  most  frequently  alluded  to, 
most  generally  adopted,  and  consequently  most  worthy  of  curi- 
osity; though  we  doubt  not  but  some  of  our  readers  will  be  of 
opinion,  that  we  have  exceeded  the  limits  of  utility  even  here; 
for,  to  repeat  what  cannot  be  too  deeply  impressed  upon  the 
minds  of  noviciates  in  this  study,  "  the  deities  and  superstitious 
worship  of  the  pagans  constitute  an  ill-matched  whole,  which 
was  never  a  work  of  meditation,  invented  by  the  same  persons, 
at  the  same  time,  or  in  one  country,  with  any  view  to  consist- 
ency;" whence  it  results,  that  after  all  that  has  been  said  upon 
the  classification  to  which  mythologists  have  reduced  those  dei- 

(2) 


6  ANALYSIS. 

ties  for  the  sake  of  precision,  still  their  arrangemeiits  will  ever 
be  at  variance. 

Even  that  which  distributes  the  gods  into  heavenly,  infernal, 
terrestrial,  and  marine,  though  it  is  the  most  consistent  in  its 
parts,  has  nevertheless  its  insuperable  exceptions,  inasmuch  as 
the  authors  who  follow  this  arrangement,  differ  in  their  appoint- 
ment of  many  of  the  deities  to  their  respective  classes.  The 
Muses,  for  example,  are  sometimes  enrolled  among  the  heavenly, 
and  sometimes  among  the  terrestrial  deities.  The  same  remark 
applies  to  Diana,  who,  though  honoured  by  most  pagan  nations 
as  a  divinity  of  the  first  order,  is  frequently  represented  as  a 
terrestrial  goddess,  partaking  of  the  sports  of  the  chase,  and  the 
delightful  relaxations  of  bathing,  accompanied  by  the  nymphs 
of  the  forests  and  of  the  fountains:  she  is  also  sometimes  placed 
among  the  infernal  deities  under  the  name  of  Hecate  Triformis, 
when  she  is  confounded  with  Proserpine.  Bacchus,  too,  is  fre- 
quently seen  in  the  company  of  the  Satyrs,  the  lowest  in  the 
order  of  terrestrial  deities. 

This  dispute,  however,  is  confined  chiefly  to  the  heavenly  and 
terrestrial  gods;  for,  among  those  of  the  sea,  ^olus  alone,  with 
some  authors,  claims  a  place  among  the  terrestrial  gods,  if  we 
except  the  fountain  nymphs  and  river  gods,  who  seem  to  stand 
upon  the  line  of  demarkation  between  the  terrestrial  and  sea 
deities:  and  in  regard  to  the  infernal  deities,  with  the  exception 
of  Diana,  just  mentioned,  we  can  only  call  to  mind  Nemesis, 
•who  seems  not  entirely  content  with  the  ministration  of  justice 
in  the  mansions  of  the  dead,  but  in  the  character  of  that  irre- 
sistible Destiny  which  rules  the  will  of  Jupiter  himself,  she 
takes  a  flight  sometimes  to  heaven,  and  at  other  times  skims 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  by  sea  and  land,  thereby  confounding 
the  arrangements  of  mythologists,  who  would  fix  her  to  either 
abode. 

In  fine,  what  shall  we  say  of  the  Lares  and  Penates-^*  a  class 
of  deities  that  would  seem  to  be  exclusively  terrestrial,  since 
they  have  no  other  abode  allotted  to  them,  than  that  of  those 
who  adopted  them  for  the  protection  of  their  person  and  house- 


ANALYSIS.  / 

hold.  Shall  we,  then,  consider  them  as  terrestrial  deities,  even 
when  a  favourite  Penate  has  been  a  Minerva,  a  Neptune,  a  Ve- 
nus, or  an  Apollo?  and  thereby  overturn  the  only  tolerably  con- 
sistent system  of  heavenly,  infernal,  terrestrial,  and  marine 
deities,  from  which  they  were  derived  according  to  the  caprice  of 
the  persons  who  adopted  them?  or  consider  it  as  being  possessed 
of  that  convenient  mutability,  by  which  it  gains  on  the  one  hand 
what  it  loses  on  the  other?  or,  in  short,  shall  we  exclude  them 
from  a  place  in  this  arrangement,  and  let  them  share  the  fate  of 
the  Cabiri,  the  Palici,  the  Patseici,  and  other  Particular  associa- 
tions of  deities,  whose  individual  names  are  but  imperfectly 
known,  and  have  no  part  in  the  general  classification  of  the 
gods?  Besides  these,  we  shall  find  in  the  same  condition,  a  long 
list  of  tutelar  deities  acknowledged  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
who  presided  over  the  particiilar  functions  of  human  life,  over 
particular  places,  cities,  and  districts  of  country;  not  to  omit 
the  Virtues,  the  Vices,  and  other  evils,  which  also  had  divine 
honours  paid  them.  These  two  classes,  though  not  included 
among  the  terrestrial  deities  properly  so  called,  may  with  some 
colour  of  propriety  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  terrestrial  deities, 
in  consequence  of  their  functions  and  prerogatives  being  con- 
fined to  earthly  or  human  affairs. 

Thus  the  reader  may  judge  for  himself  how  little  advantage 
is  to  be  derived  from  a  mere  skeleton  of  a  subject  whose  parts 
are  so  monstrous  and  incoherent  as  those  of  the  pagan  theology; 
and  how  necessary  it  is,  in  order  to  form  an^*  thing  like  a  just 
conception  of  the  whole,  to  review  the  parts  in  detail,  as  we 
have  digested  them  in  the  foregoing  volumes.  We  dare  entertain 
a  hope,  however,  that  these  hints  will  serve  to  appease  his  curi- 
osity, and  abate  his  ardour  in  the  search  for  system  in  a  subject 
where  incongruity  and  confusion  are  the  predominating  fea- 
tures: in  short,  that  we  have  pointed  out  in  a  few  words,  the 
principal  defects  of  the  most  approved  classification  of  the  gods, 
which  he  might  have  passed  over  without  notice,  or  have  sought 
in  vain  to  correct  by  study  and  reflection,  or  have  detected,  only 
for  his  individual  satisfaction. 


ANALYTICAL  TABLES 


CLASSIFICATiOJV 


saiSA^iaiisr  ©aasiiiii^a 


TABLE  FIRST. 


•      Dll  CONSEN-  I 

TES,    or,  Jupi-"^! 
ter's  Council. 


Dii   Majorum 
Gentium — the  , 
Superior    Gods,  j 
or  Select  Gods.  I 


The    comple- 
ment of  the  Se- 
Xject  Gods. 


"  1  Juno 

2  Neptune 

3  Minerva 

4  Venus 

5  Apollo 

6  Mercury 

7  Jupiter 

8  Ceres 

9  Vulcan 

10  Mars 

11  Diana 
Ll2  Vesta 

1  Janus 

2  Saturn 

3  Genius 

4  Sol 

5  Pluto 

6  Bacchus 

7  Tellus 

8  Luna 


January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November 

December 

j  The  above  were 
I  theDiiMAjoRUM 
j  Gentium  of  the 
)>Greeks;  to  which 
these  eight  were 
added  by  the  Ro- 
mans. 


J 


f  This  class  should  include  all  the  de- 
Dii  MiNORUM  Gentium,  Dii  I  ities  not  enumerated  above;  of  which 
Adsgriptitii,  or  Dii  Indige--^  some  are  heavenly  deities,  a  great 
TES,  &c. — the  Inferior  Gods.  j  many  are  terrestrial  deities,  marine 

l^deities,  and  infernal  deities. 


fThis  class  should  include  all  those 

D.  e  _  o  i  worthies,  of  the  heroic  age- whether 

II  Semones,  or  Semihomines  /  '  ,  •     j  j-  • 

4.U    T\  -.-  r^  J  XT  -s  men  or  women,  who  received  divme 

' — the  Demi-Gods,  or  Heroes.  j  ,  .         '  ^        c  ^u  ■ 

'  I  honours  in  commemoration  of  their 

Umeritorious  deeds. 


ANALYSIS. 


TABLE  SEC  0MB. 


INFERNAL  DEITIES. 


rChaos 
Nox 
Proserpine 

Clotho 

Lachesis 

Atropos 


Infernal  ,  ^j^^^^ 
Goddesses.  ^  rrt^i^u 


Tisiphone 
Megaera 

Aello 

Ocypete 

Celeno 

Nemesis 
LChimsra 


The  mother  of  all  things. 
The  goddess  of  the  night. 
The  queen  of  Hell. 

^    .   I  Presides  over  our  birth. 
'  o  s  Draws  out  the  thread  of  life. 
!  J3   I  Cuts  the  thread  of  life  at  death. 

^  L 
:    r 

;  w   I  The  frightful  ministers  of  the  ven- 
'  't,  <  geance  of  the  gods,  and  the  im- 
:  ^   1  placable  torments  of  the  wicked. 
'       L 

I  .  f  Voracious  birds  with  the  faces  of 
i  "  I  women,  confounded  with  the  Fu- 
\  "S,-s  ries,  and  like  them  execute  the 
I  ^   I  vengeance  of  the  gods. 

The  goddess  of  justice, 
A  monster  of  Hell. 


Infeknal 
Gods. 


Tirebus 
Pluto 
Plutus 
Minos 

Rhadamanthus 
^acus 
Charon 
Mors 
Somnus 

Morpheus 

Phobetor 

Phantasia 

^Dii  Manes 


1  't:  " 


Sometimes  taken  for  Hell  itself. 
The  king  of  Hell. 
The  blind  god  of  wealth. 
President  of  the  judges  of  Hell. 
udged  the  Asiatics. 
Judged  the  Europeans. 
The  ferry-man  of  Hell. 
The  relentless  god  of  death. 
The  god  of  sleep;  brother  of  Mors. 

'  Represents  human  figures. 
Represents  beasts,  birds,  &c. 
Represents  inanimate  things. 

The  gods  of  tombs  and  the  ghosts. 


10 


ANALYSIS. 


TABLE  THIRD. 


HEAVENLY  DEITIES. 


fJuno 
Iris 
Hebe 
Minerva 
Venus 

Aglaia 
£      Thalia 
g      Euphrosine 
o 

O   .  Diana 
^  Clio 

Euterpe 

Thalia 

Melpomine 

Terpsichore 

Erato 

Polyhymnia 

Calliope 

Ui-ania 

Aurora 
LBellona 


r 

<u 


y    i 


The  queen  of  hea%'en. 
The  messeng-er  of  Juno. 
The  goddess  of  youth. 
Goddess  of  wisdom  and  of  war. 
Goddess  of  beauty  and  of  love. 

The  goddesses  of  amiability;  and  the 
sources  of  every  thing  agreeable  and  smil- 
ng  in  nature. 


I' 


Goddess  of  hunting.  Symbol  of  the  moon. 
fPresides  over  history. 

I  Presides  over  music. 
Presides  over  comedy. 
^    !  Presides  over  tragedy 
>-  ^  <(  Firesides  over  the  dance. 
I  "c      Presides  over  amorous  poetry. 

10)      Presides  over  singing. 
^      Presides  over  eloquence. 
J         l_Presides  over  astronomy. 

The  goddess  of  the  morning. 

Goddess  of  war,  and  companion  of  Mars. 


fCffilus 
Saturn 
(a      Janus 
o   j  Jupiter 

Mercury 
J  J  Apollo 
g"!  Mars 
>      Vulcan 
^  I  Bacchus 
H   I  Cupid 
I  Hymen  Kus 
LGanymede 


Represents  heaven  itself, 

Kepresents  destructive  time. 

The  god  of  prudence. 

The  king  of  lieaven  and  all  the  gods. 

Messenger  of  Jupiter  and  god  of  merchants. 

God  of  music  and  the  fine  arts. 

The  god  of  war  and  bloodshed. 

The  god  of  blacksmiths  and  of  fire. 

The.  god  of  wine  and  of  sottisimess. 

I'lie  god  of  love. 

The  god  of  marriage. 

Tlie  cupbearer  of  the  gods. 


ANALYSIS. 


11 


TABLE  FOURTH. 


TERRESTRIAL  DEITIES. 


o 


f*Terra  or  Titaca  Represents  the  earth  itself. 

Tellus  Goddess  of  the  earth,  the  same  as  Terra. 

Cybele  Goddess  of  the  earth  and  cities. 

Ops  or  Rhea  Goddess  of  the  earth,  confounded  with  Cybele. 

Bona  Uea  Goddess  of  the  earth,  confounded  with  the  above. 

Vesta  (the  elder)  Symbol  of  the  earth,  confounded  with  the  above. 
Vesta  (the  younger)Symb(J  of  fire,  and  patroness  of  vestals. 


\< 


Ceres 
Flora 
Pomona 
Pales 
Fauna 
Dryads 
Hamadryads 
Oreads 
Napaeae 
iEgeria 
Britomartis 
Carme 
Canens 
Chelone 
Hercyna 
Daphne 
LLotis 


The  goddess  of  corn  and  liarvests. 

The  goddess  of  flowers  and  gardens. 

The  goddess  of  fruits  and  orchards. 

The  goddess  of  shepherds  and  flocks. 

A  prophetess,  the  wife  of  Faunus. 
0)    fPresided  over  the  woods  and  forests. 
"a. J  Presided  over  particular  trees. 
£  ]  Presided  over  the  mountains, 
c    J^Presided  over  groves  and  valleys. 
(^Patroness  of  Numa  in  the  Arician  grove. 

A  beautiful  nymph,  favourite  of  Diana. 

One  of  Diana's  attendants  mother  of  Britomartis. 
(   ^  J  Transformed  by  grief  into  a  voice. 
'  J2  1  Changed  into  a  tortoise  by  Mercury. 

Accompanied  Ceres  in  search  of  Proserpine. 

Changed  into  a  laurel  to  avoid  Apollo. 

Changed  into  the  lotus  to  avoid  Priapus. 


f    m 

is 


u 


f  Uemogorgon  The  god  or  genius  of  the  earth, 

fl   I  Terminus  The  god  of  land-marks  and  boundaries. 

Pan  "^    cB   TThe  god  of  shepherds  and  peasants. 
Silenus  vB^J  '^^^  foster-father  of  Bacchus. 

Faunus  \    ^  \  '^'^^^  prophecies  to  men  as  P'auna  did  to  women. 

Sylvanus  J        \_A  rural  god  confounded  with  Faunus. 
Priapus  The  god  of  gardens  and  orchards. 

^Vertumnus  The  god  of  the  seasons  and  their  changes. 


■A 


12 


ANALYSIS. 


TJBLE  FIFTH. 


SEA  DEITIES. 


fTethys      • 
Amphitrite 

Oceanides  . 


wife  of  Oceanus  and  mother  of  the  Oceanides. 
wife  of  Neptune  and  queen  of  the  sea. 


r 


The  daughters  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys — 3,000. 


!  Nereids    .  .  \.^  J  The  daughthers  of  Nereus  and  Doris — 50. 
Naiads  .  .  .  f°\TV 


Limniades .      « 


j  I'he  guardians  of  the  rivers  and  fountains. 
The  guardians  of  pools  and  marshes. 


!     =4 


H< 


Jul 

r\  .a   f  The  wife  of  Peleus  and  mother  of  Achilles. 

Queen  of  Ogygia  and  mistress  of  Ulysses. 

First  wife  of  Jupiter  and  mother  of  Minerva. 

Assisted  the  Trojan  fleet  in  a  storm. 

Promised  by  Juno  to  ^olus  for  raising  that  storm. 

One  of  Diana's  attendants,  chang'd  to  a  fountain. 

One  of  Frost  rpine's  attendants,  chang'd  to  ditto. 

LChanged  into  a  reed  to  avoid  Pan. 

p      ,        n  ~1    «    fThese  three  nymphs  g-oveined  three  islands  on 

,  .  I  S  J  the  coast  of  Italy  called  Syrenusse.  The  charms 

»  °      .■'''(  'iL\  for  which  they  were  celebrated  were  ineffectual 
Leucotia  .  .     cc  tti 

J  ''''    Lon  Ulysses. 

Scylla  ....     Changed  into  a  rock  on  the  coast  of  Sicily. 

LCharybdis     .     .    Changed  into  a  whirlpool  on  the  coast  of  Italy. 


Thetis  .  . 
)  Calypso  . 
*^  Metis.  .  . 
Cymothoe 
Deiopeia. 
Arethusa 
Cyane  .  . 
Syrinx  .  . 


J 


"Oceanus 
Neptune 
Triton . 
Proteus 
{^  J  Phorcys 
^)  .Slolus  . 
Glaucus 
Saron  . 
Portumnus 
l.Egeon  .    . 


Represented  the  Ocean  itself. 

The  king  of  the  seas,  and  sea  deities. 

Neptune's  trumpeter  and  son  by  Amphitrite. 

The  god  of  transfiguration  and  prophesy. 

The  father  of  the  Gorgons  and  Graiae  by  CetO. 

The  god  and  the  father  of  the  winds. 

The  god  of  fishing  and  of  fishermen. 

The  god  of  mariners. 

Presided  over  the  sea  ports. 

Assisted  the  Titans,  was  vanquished  by  Neptune. 


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